AWSM Questionnaire

Thank you for participating in the Adolescent Wellness and Social Media (AWSM) Survey! This survey asks questions about you, your social media use, and your mental health. For example, we will ask you how often you use social media and which sites you use most often. We will also ask you questions about your mental health and other health behaviors. The information you give will be used to understand young people’s media use and mental health in New Mexico.

This is an anonymous survey. If you choose to participate, your answers will be private – no one will know how you answered the questions. The questions that ask about your background will be used only to describe the types of students completing the survey. The information will not be used to find out your name. No names will ever be known to anyone connected with this survey.

Completing this survey is voluntary. There is no penalty if you choose not to participate. Your parents should have received a letter to let them know about this survey, and allowing them to have you not take the survey.

If you choose to participate, please answer the questions based on what you really do, not what you think you are supposed to do. You can skip any questions you do not understand or you do not want to answer.

The survey takes about 30 minutes to complete.

If you agree to participate, click “Continue.”

DEMOGRAPHIC QUESTIONS (New Page)

Header: This section will ask you questions about your identity, heritage and personal characteristics. Please select the answers which best describe you.

Derived from: NM-YRRS

1. How old are you?

a. 10 years old or younger

b. 11 years old

c. 12 years old

d. 13 years old

e. 14 years old

f. 15 years old

g. 16 years old

h. 17 years old

i. 18 years old or older

2. What was your sex assigned at birth?

Female
Male
Intersex
Other: ________________________

3. What is your gender identity?

Girl/Woman
Boy/Man
Transgender girl / Trans Feminine
Transgender boy / Trans Masculine
Non-Binary
Two Spirit
Prefer to describe another way:________________
Prefer not to say

4. In what grade are you?

a. 6^th grade

b. 7^th grade

c. 8^th grade

d. 9^th grade

e. 10^th grade

f. 11^th grade

g. 12^th grade

h. Ungraded or other grade

5. Which of the following groups best describes you? (choose all that apply)

a. American Indian or Alaska Native

b. Asian or Asian American

c. Black or African American

d. Hispanic or Latino

e. Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander

f. White

g. Other race: ______________

5-1. [BRANCHING LOGIC if 5=Yes] What group do you feel best describes your Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, heritage, or culture? [select all that apply]

a. Spanish or Spanish heritage

b. Mexican or Mexican heritage

c. Central American (for example, Honduran, Guatemalan, Salvadoran, Nicaraguan, Panamanian, or Costa Rican)

d. South American (for example, Venezuelan, Chilean, Colombian, or Brazilian)

e. Caribbean (for example Puerto Rican, Cuban, or Dominican)

f. Other Hispanic or Latino: ____________

6. What is the highest grade or level of schooling your mother completed?

a. Completed 8^th grade or less

b. Some high school

c. Completed high school (completed 12th Grade)

d. Completed G.E.D.

e. Some college, 2 year degree, or trade school

f. Bachelor’s degree from a 4 year

g. Graduate or professional school

h. Not sure

7. What is the highest level of schooling your father completed?

a. Completed 8^th grade or less

b. Some high school

c. Completed high school (completed 12th Grade)

d. Completed G.E.D.

e. Some college, 2 year degree, or trade school

f. Bachelor’s degree from a 4 year

g. Graduate or professional school

h. Not sure

8. Which of the following best describes you?

a. Heterosexual (straight)

b. Gay or lesbian

c. Bisexual

d. I describe my sexual identity some other way

e. I am not sure about my sexual identity (questioning)

f. I do not know what this question is asking

9. Since you were born, have you ever had to be separated from your parents for 3 months or longer (for example, going to live with other relatives, another family, or your parents had to go away for a long time and someone took care of you in your home)?

NEVER

YES ⇒ TIMES ____

IF YES → Where did you stay during those separations?

- With my other biological parent

- With foster parent

- With grandparent

- With other relatives

- With other friends

- Institution / group home

- Shelter / abandoned building / car / street

- Hospital

- Protective services

- Jail / prison

Other place: _________________

10. Do you have any learning or developmental disabilities? Count things such as ADHD, dyslexia, or autism spectrum disorder.

a. Yes

b. No

c. I don’t know

11. Do you have any physical disabilities or long-term health problems? Count things such as being deaf, hard-of-hearing; blind, or visually impaired; difficulty walking or climbing stairs; or difficulty dressing or bathing. (Long-term means 6 months or longer)

a. Yes

b. No

c. I don’t know

SOCIAL MEDIA USE QUESTIONS (New Page)

Header: This section will ask you questions about the ways you use social media and what you like to do on social media. Please select the answers that best describe your actions when it comes to your online life.

Derived from: 2022 Pew Internet Media Questionnaire; Common Sense Media Census

12. At home, do you have access to… [Answer choices: 1 Yes, I do; 0 No, I do not]

a. A smartphone

b. A desktop or laptop

c. A tablet

d. A gaming console

e. High-speed wireless internet (WiFi)

13a. [BRANCHING LOGIC if 12=a] Do you have a wireless data plan?

a. Yes, with limited data

b. Yes, with unlimited data

c. No

d. I don’t know

Think about your internet use during the past 7 days.

13b. About how many hours did you use the internet on a typical school day? ____ hours

13c. About how many hours did you use the internet on a typical weekend day? ____ hours

13.d Do you ever use social media? Yes, No

13.e During the past 7 days, how often do you use each of the following apps or sites [0 Never; 1 Rarely; 2 Sometimes; 3 Often; 4 Frequently; 5 Almost constantly]

a. Instagram

b. Facebook

c. Snapchat

d. Twitter

e. YouTube

f. TikTok

g. Twitch

h. Tumblr

i. Reddit

j. WhatsApp

k. Discord

l. BeReal

m. Some other social media app or site: ____________________

[[SKIP Pattern - go to mental health section if 13.a = NO & 13.e all items = 0]]]

[BRANCHING LOGIC if 13e=4 or 5]

13.e-a In the past 7 days how long did you use [app]"

Never or almost never
less than one hour per week
less than 30 minutes per day
30 - 59 minutes per day
1 - 2 hours per day
more than 2 hours per day

13.e-b About how many times did you use [app] on a usual school day? ___ times

14. How often do you create content for online apps? (Count things like videos, posts, stories, or other content – NOT FOR SCHOOL)

a. Never

b. Rarely

c. Sometimes

d. Often

e. Frequently

f. Almost constantly

15. How often do you comment on other people’s content on social media?

a. Never

b. Rarely

c. Sometimes

d. Often

e. Frequently

f. Almost constantly

16. How often do you share other people’s content using social media?

a. Never

b. Rarely

c. Sometimes

d. Often

e. Frequently

f. Almost constantly

17. How often do you play online video games …

…on a console

…on a computer

…on a mobile device

a. Never

b. Rarely

c. Sometimes

d. Often

e. Frequently

f. Almost constantly

Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale - Andreassen, C. S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, G. S., & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a Facebook addiction scale. Psychological reports, 110(2), 501-517.

(The scale was originally designed for facebook but is has been validated with the current wording, which assesses social media use more generally)

(Validated here: Monacis, L., de Palo, V., Griffiths, M. D., & Sinatra, M. (2017). Social networking addiction, attachment style, and validation of the Italian version of the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(2), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.023

And here: Yue, H., Zhang, X., Cheng, X., Liu, B., & Bao, H. (2022). Measurement invariance of the Bergen social media addiction scale across genders. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.879259

And here in Adolescents: Dufort-Rouleau, R., Beauregard, C., & Beaudry, V. (2022). A rise in social media use in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The French validation of the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale in a Canadian cohort. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2244772/v1)

18. I spend a lot of time thinking about social media or planning how to use it.

a. Never

b. Rarely

c. Sometimes

d. Often

e. Frequently

f. Almost constantly

19. I feel an urge to use social media more and more.

a. Never

b. Rarely

c. Sometimes

d. Often

e. Frequently

f. Almost constantly

20. I use social media in order to forget about personal problems

a. Never

b. Rarely

c. Sometimes

d. Often

e. Frequently

f. Almost constantly

21. I have tried to cut down on the use of social media without success

a. Never

b. Rarely

c. Sometimes

d. Often

e. Frequently

f. Almost constantly

22. I become restless or troubled if I am prohibited from using social media or if my phone is taken away

a. Never

b. Rarely

c. Sometimes

d. Often

e. Frequently

f. Almost constantly

23. I use social media so much that it has had a negative impact on my studies

a. Never

b. Rarely

c. Sometimes

d. Often

e. Frequently

f. Almost constantly

Digital Status Seeking

Derived from: Nesi & Prinstein (2019). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6279624/

(0 = not true at all, 1 = somewhat true, 2 = true, 3 = very true, 4 = extremely true)

I think it is important to have a lot of followers or friends on social media.
I think it’s important to have a lot of people “like” or comment on things I post.
I purposefully post on social media during ‘high traffic’ times (times that I know most people will see it)
If I post something that does not get a lot of likes or comments, I might take it down
I try hard to get more activity (likes, comments, shares, etc.) on my social media profiles.
I try hard to get more followers on my social media profiles.

Derived from: the Delaware Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2021 instrument, high school)

30. During the past 30 days on how many days did you look at pornographic material (‘porn’) online?

a. 0 days

b. 1-2 days

c. 3-5 days

d. 6-9 days

e. 10-19 days

f. 20-29 days

g. All 30 days

31. During the past 30 days, have you been asked to text, e-mail, or post electronically a revealing, sexual photo of yourself?

a. Yes

b. No

32. During the past 30 days, have you texted, e-mailed, or posted electronically a revealing or sexual photo of yourself?

a. Yes

b. No

33. During the past 30 days, have you received a text or an e-mail with a revealing, intimate photo of someone?

a. Yes

b. No

33. During the past 30 days, has a revealing or sexual photo of you been texted, e-mailed, or posted electronically without your permission?

a. Yes

b. No

MEDIA USE MOTIVATIONS (New Page)

The following section will ask you about your reasons for using social media. Please choose the answers which best describe you and your reasons for using social media and consuming content online.

Motivations grid adapted from: Hou, J., Zhu, Y., Tong, J., Ndasauka, Y., & Fang, X. (2020). Preparation of multi-motive grid questionnaire for social networking sites use. PloS one, 15(5), e0233205.

(0 = never, 1 = rarely, 2 = sometimes, 3 = frequently, 4 = almost always)

I use social media…

34. To search for the latest information about others and know about friends’posts

35. For entertainment

36. To share my ideas and feelings

37. To express myself creatively

38. To follow other people, celebrities, or organizations I’m interested in

39. To keep up with trends and avoid being out-of-date

40. To confide in others and get advice

41. To rest and relax

42. To express my own attitudes and opinions

43. To access useful knowledge and information

44. To communicate with my friends

45. To keep in touch with family members

46. To communicate with a love interest

47. To access the latest news

48. To pass time

MENTAL HEALTH (New Page)

This section asks about your mental health and feelings of sadness or hopelessness. Please select the answers which best describe the way you have felt in the given time period for each question.

Derived From: Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) see Richardson, L.P., Rockhill, C., Russo, J.E., Grossman, D.C., Richards, J., McCarty, C., McCauley, E. and Katon, W., 2010. Evaluation of the PHQ-2 as a brief screen for detecting major depression among adolescents. Pediatrics, 125(5), pp.e1097-e1103.

Over the last 2 weeks, how often have you been bothered by the following problems? (0 = not at all, 1 = several days, 2 = more than half the days, 3 = nearly every day)

49. Little interest or pleasure in doing things

50. Feeling down, depressed or hopeless

Derived From: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-2) see Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., Monahan, P. O., & Löwe, B. (2007). Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Annals of internal medicine, 146(5), 317-325.

Over the last 2 weeks, how often have you been bothered by the following problems? (0 = not at all, 1 = several days, 2 = more than half the days, 3 = nearly every day)

51. Feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge

52. Not being able to stop or control worrying

Non-suicidal Self Injury (NSSI)

Derived From: NM-YRRS

Header: The next question asks about hurting yourself on purpose

53. During the past 12 months, how many times did you do something to purposely hurt yourself without wanting to die, such as cutting or burning yourself on purpose?

a. 0 times

b. 1 time

c. 2 or 3 times

d. 4 or 5 times

e. 6 or more times

Suicide ideation and attempts

Derived From: NM-YRRS

Header: The next question asks about attempted suicide. Sometimes people feel so sad or depressed about the future that they may consider attempting suicide, that is, taking some action to end their own life.

54. During the past 12 months, did you ever seriously consider attempting suicide?

a. Yes

b. No

55. During the past 12 months, how many times did you actually attempt suicide?

a. 0 times

b. 1 time

c. 2 or 3 times

d. 4 or 5 times

e. 6 or more times

Mental health counseling

Header: The next two questions ask about times you have visited a mental health professional to seek treatment or advice.

Derived from: the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (SAMHSA)

56. During the past 12 months, did you receive treatment or counseling from a private therapist, psychologist, psychiatrist, social worker, or counselor for emotional or behavioral problems?

a. Yes

b. No

57. [BRANCHING LOGIC-IF YES] Think about the last time you visited a private therapist, psychologist, psychiatrist, social worker, or counselor to receive treatment or counseling for emotional or behavioral problems. What was the reason for your visit? (check all that apply)

a. You thought about killing yourself

b. You felt depressed

c. You felt very afraid and tense

d. You were breaking rules and “acting out”

e. You had eating problems

f. You had problems related to social media use

g. Other reason: ____________________________

RESILIENCE (New Page)

Header: The next six questions ask about your ability to deal with problems and hardship. Please think about your experiences dealing with difficult situations, and select the answers which best describe you.

Derived from: Smith, Dalen, Wiggins, Tooley, Christopher and Bernard. (2008). The Brief Resilience Scale: Assessing the Ability to Bounce Back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15: 194-200.

1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neutral, 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree.

58. I tend to bounce back quickly after hard times

59. I have a hard time making it through stressful events (R)

60. It does not take me long to recover from a stressful event

61. It is hard for me to snap back when something bad happens (R)

62. I usually come through difﬁcult times with little trouble

63. I tend to take a long time to get over setbacks in my life (R)

BODY IMAGE AND EATING BEHAVIORS (New Page)

Header: The next questions will ask about your eating behaviors and the way that you think or feel about your appearance, size and shape. Please choose the answers which best describe you.

Derived from: Cash, T. F., (2012). Body Image Assessments: BISS. Doy Images Research Consulting. http://www.body-images.com/assessments/biss.html

In the past 24 hours…

64. . …how satisfied did you feel about your physical appearance? (BISS1)

a. Very dissatisfied.

b. Somewhat dissatisfied.

c. Neutral

d. Somewhat satisfied.

e. Very satisfied.

65. . …how satisfied did you feel about your body size and shape? (BISS2)

a. Very dissatisfied.

b. Somewhat dissatisfied.

c. Neutral

d. Somewhat satisfied.

e. Very satisfied.

66. . … how satisfied do you feel with your weight? (BISS3)

a. Very dissatisfied.

b. Somewhat dissatisfied.

c. Neutral

d. Somewhat satisfied.

e. Very satisfied.

67. . … how do you feel about your looks compared to usual? (BISS4)

a. Much worse.

b. Somewhat worse.

c. Neutral

d. Somewhat better.

e. Much better.

[new page]

68. Do you ever use social media to look at ‘thinspiration’ (images or videos that encourage weight loss)

68a. Do you ever use social media to look at ‘gym-inspiration’ or “fit-spiration” (images or videos that encourage working out)?

a. Never

b. Rarely

c. Sometimes

d. Frequently

The next questions ask about weight control behaviors.

Derived from: YRRS & Puglia, D. R., (2017). Social Media Use and Its Impact on Body Image: The Effects of Body Comparison Tendency, Motivation for Social Media Use, and Social Media Platform on Body Esteem in Young Women. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

69. Are you trying to do anything to change body size or shape? Y/N

[BRANCHING] Which of the following are you trying to do about your body size or shape? {select all that apply}

a. Lose weight

b. Gain weight

c. Add muscle

d. Improve physical fitness

e. Improve flexibility

70. Have you ever felt like you lost control over your eating (could not stop, like a ball rolling down a hill; feel compelled to eat; going back and forth for more food)?

a. Yes

b. No

71. Have you ever gone without eating for 24 hours or more (also called fasting) to lose weight or to keep from gaining weight?

a. Yes

b. No

72. Have you ever vomited or taken laxatives to lose weight or to keep from gaining weight?

a. Yes

b. No

73. Have you ever taken any diet pills, supplements, powders, or liquids without a doctor’s advice to lose weight or to keep from gaining weight?

a. Yes

b. No

BULLYING

Header: The next questions ask about bullying. Bullying is when 1 or more people tease, threaten, spread rumors about, or hurt another person over and over again. It is not bullying when 2 people of about the same strength or power argue or fight or tease each other in a friendly way.

Derived from: NM-YRRS

74. Have you ever been electronically bullied? (Count being bullied through texting, Instagram, Twitter, or other social media.)

a. Yes

b. No

75. Have you ever electronically bullied another person?

a. Yes

b. No

Alcohol, Tobacco and other Drug use (New Page)

The next section will ask you about your experience using alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs. Please choose the answers which best describe you.

Derived from: NM-YRRS

76. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you…

	0 days	1-2 days	3-5 days	6-9 days	10-19 days	20-29 days	All 30 days
Have at least one drink of alcohol, other than a few sips?
Smoke cigarettes?
Use an electronic vapor product? (Count things such as JUUL, Vuse, Blu, or other e-cigarettes, vapes, and vape pens)
Use marijuana for the purpose of getting high
Do any other illicit drugs (examples include cocaine, heroin, methamphetamines, or prescription pain medicines without a prescription)

HEALTH RISKING BEHAVIORS

Derived from: NM-YRRS

77. During the past 30 days, how many times did you text or use an app while driving a car or other vehicle?

○ I did not drive a car or other vehicle during the past 30 days

○ 0 days

○ 1-2 days

○ 3-5 days

○ 6-9 days

○ 10-19 days

○ 20-29 day

○ All 30 days

78. During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight?

○ 0 times

○ 1 time

○ 2 or 3 times

○ 4 or 5 times

○ 6 or 7

○ 8 or 9

○ 10 or 11

○ 12 or more times

79. During the past 12 months, on how many days did you carry a gun? (do not count the days when you carried a gun only for hunting or for a sport, such as target shooting.)

○ 0 days

○ 1 day

○ 2 or 3 days

○ 4 or 5 days

○ 6 or more days

80. During the past 7 days, on how many days were you physically active for a total of at least 60 minutes per day? (Add up all the time you spent in any kind of physical activity that increased your heart rate and made you breathe hard some of the time.)

A. 0 days

B. 1 day

C. 2 days

D. 3 days

E. 4 days

F. 5 days

G. 6 days

H. 7 days

Spending on In-App Purchases

Header: The next question will ask you about your spending habits in online games and apps. Please select the answer which best describes your behavior in the given time frame.

Derived from: Hunt, D. (2022). Microtransaction spending and problematic gambling of UK university call of duty gamers. International Gambling Studies, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2022.2046843

81. In the past 30 days, how much money did you spend on in-game/in-app purchases?

— SLIDER with amounts, ending at $100+

INFLUENCER INFLUENCE (not from any existing instrument)

The next two questions ask about social media influencers - that is, people who make regular posts about a topic on their social media channels and have large followings of enthusiastic, engaged people who pay close attention to their views. They may give advice about or make recommendations for products or services.

82. Do you follow any influencers? Y/N

82.a [BRANCHING] if yes, up to your top 5 influencers, who do you follow? [NOTES FIELD]

83. In the past 30 days, have you bought or purchased a paid subscription or a product or service because an Influencer recommended it or talked about it? Y/N

83.a [BRANCHING] If Yes, about how much money did you spend in the past 30 days?

– SLIDER with amounts, ending at $500+

PERCEIVED ONLINE RACISM - Very Brief Scale (6 items)

Header: In the next section, We are interested in your personal experiences of discrimination in online settings. Discrimination is the unjust treatment of different categories of people such as ethnicity, sex, gender identity, disability, sexual orientation, etc.

Derived from: Keum, B. T. (2021). Development and validation of the Perceived Online Racism Scale short form (15 items) and very brief (six items). Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 3, 100082.

Please rate your responses based on the following options: 1 - Never, 2 - Rarely, 3 - Sometimes, 4 - Often, 5 - Always.

In the past 30 days, I have …

84. Seen prejudiced comments.

85. Encountered online hate groups/communities.

86. Seen posts that portray my identity negatively.

87. Been informed about a viral/trending prejudiced event that I was not aware of.

MEDIA LITERACY (New Page)

Derived from: The Maynard survey (https://medialiteracynow.org/resources-for-teachers/)

Header: The next section asks about media literacy. Media literacy is the ability to understand information you see in the news and online, and determine the author’s intentions.

88. In class, have you ever analyzed an advertisement?

a. Yes

b. No

89. In class, have you ever discussed how media can be beneficial or harmful to your health, identity, or relationships?

a. Yes

b. No

90. In class, have you ever learned how to spot the differences between a news story and an opinion story

a. Yes

b. No

91. In class, have you ever analyzed media to identify stereotypes?

a. Yes

b. No

92. Have you ever learned about how selling audience’s attention is the way media companies make money?

a. Yes

b. No

93. Have you ever discussed with an adult what makes media sources trustworthy?

a. Yes

b. No

94. Have you ever discussed with an adult about what to share online?

a. Yes

b. No

95. Have you ever discussed with an adult the potential risks and harms of false information online?

a. Yes

b. No

PARENT OVERSIGHT/LIMITATIONS

Header: This section asks you about your parents’ involvement with your online life and electronic device usage. Please think about any rules you have at home about social media and the internet, and choose the answers which best describe your family’s situation.

Derived From: Anderson, M. (2016). Parents, Teens, and Digital Monitoring. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2016/01/07/parents-teens-and-digital-monitoring/

During the past 7 days, on how many days… (0 days, 1-2 days, 3-4 days, 5-6 days, all 7 days, and I don’t know)

96. Has a parent or guardian checked which websites you’ve visited?

97. Has a parent or guardian checked your social media profiles?

98. Has a parent or guardian used parental controls for your online activities?

99. Has a parent or guardian used monitoring tools to track your location with your cell phone?

Thank you for taking our survey!

We will provide the results of the survey back to your school in a few months. You can learn more about student health in New Mexico at youthrisk.org